A scalable optogenetic system of focal stroke induction in zebrafish for testing stroke disparity genes

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death in the U.S. and also a leading cause of adult disability with severe
societal burdens. Ischemic strokes, caused by the thromboembolic occlusion of cerebral arteries, constitute the
majority of stroke incidences and the rest are hemorrhagic strokes with ruptured blood vessels. In the U.S.,
stroke incidence shows clear disparity between African Americans and Caucasians with much higher frequency
(~240%) in blacks. Despite intensive search for treatment, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA)
remains the only FDA-approved post-stroke medicine with limited effectiveness. Behind this woefully inadequate
dearth of stroke therapeutics lies the difficulties in generating a sufficiently large number of stroke-induced
animals for effective drug screening, as a highly labor-intensive surgical procedure (middle cerebral artery
occlusion) is still the method of choice to induce ischemic strokes in model animals.
Photothrombosis is one of rapidly adopted new methods to induce ischemic strokes in rodents, with a number
of advantages such as highly reproducible infarct size and location with minimal mortality. In this procedure, focal
illumination of defined wavelength light on the exposed skull activates an IV-injected photosensitive chemical
(eg. Rose-Bengal) in the bloodstream, causing injuries in endothelial cells and local platelet aggregation, leading
to the clogging of the affected blood vessel. However, even in this case labor-intensive procedures that cannot
not easily be scaled up must be utilized to create the stroke model. Recently, photothrombic ischemic stroke has
also been successfully induced in the adult zebrafish brain by focal illumination following a manual injection of
Rose-Bengal, thus providing an additional vertebrate animal model system for stroke research. In this regard,
an exciting novel genetic approach, which eliminates the manual injection of photosensitive chemicals, was
recently created and tested successfully to selectively induce apoptotic cell death by light illumination in the adult
zebrafish heart.
Here we propose a creation of a readily scalable, optogenetically induced stroke system using
transgenic zebrafish, development of a behavioral test system to identify novel therapeutic chemicals,
and to test GWAS (genome wide association study)-identified stroke risk variants of the human APOL1
gene, also known as prominent kidney disorder risk factors in people of African ancestry.